Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)
　　Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For question 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
　　Colleges taking another look at value of merit-based aid
　　Good grades and high tests scores still matter—a lot—to many colleges as they award financial aid.
　　But with low-income students projected to make up an ever-larger share of the college-bound population in coming years, some schools are re-examining whether that aid, typically known as “merit aid”, is the most effective use of precious institutional dollars.
　　George Washington University in Washington, D.C., for example, said last week that it would cut the value of its average merit scholarships by about one-third and reduce the number of recipients(接受者), pouring the savings, about $2.5 million, into need-based aid. Allegheny College in Meadville, Pa., made a similar decision three years ago.
　　Now, Hamilton College in Clinton, N.Y., says it will phase out merit scholarships altogether. No current merit-aid recipients will lose their scholarships, but need-based aid alone will be awarded beginning with students entering in fall 2008.
　　Not all colleges offer merit aid; generally, the more selective a school, the less likely it is to do so. Harvard and Princeton, for example, offer generous need-based packages, but many families who don’t meet need eligibility(资格)have been willing to pay whatever they must for a big-name school.
　　For small regional colleges that struggle just to fill seats, merit aid can be an important revenue-builder because many recipients still pay enough tuition dollars over and above the scholarship amount to keep the institution running.
　　But for rankings-conscious schools in between, merit aid has served primarily as a tool to recruit top students and to improve their academic profits. “They’re trying to buy students,” says Skidmore College economist Sandy Baum.
　　Studies show merit aid also tends to benefit disproportionately students who could afford to enroll without it.
　　“As we look to the future, we see a more pressing need to invest in need-based aid,” says Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hamilton, which has offered merit scholarships for 10 years. During that time, it rose in US News & World Report’s ranking of the best liberal arts colleges, from 25 to 17.
　　Merit aid, which benefited about 75 students a year, or about 4% of its student body, at a cost of about $ 1 million a year, “served us well,” Inzer says, but “to be discounting the price for families that don’t need financial aid doesn’t feel right any more.”
　　Need-based aid remains by far the largest share of all student aid, which includes state, federal and institutional grants. But merit aid, offered primarily by schools and states, is growing faster, both overall and at the institutional level.
　　Between 1995-96 and 2003-04, institutional merit aid alone increased 212%, compared with 47% for need-based grants. At least 15 states also offer merit aid, typically in a bid to enroll top students in the state’s public institutions.
　　But in recent years, a growing chorus(异口同声)of critics has begun pressuring schools to drop the practice. Recent decisions by Hamilton and others may be “a sign that people are starting to realize that there’s this destructive competition going on,” says Baum, co-author of a recent College Report that raises concerns about the role of institutional aid not based on need.
　　David Laird, president of the Minnesota Private College Council, says many of his schools would like to reduce their merit aid but fear that in doing so, they would lose top students to their competitors.
　　“No one can take one-sided action,” says Laird, who is exploring whether to seek an exemption(豁免)from federal anti-trust laws so member colleges can discuss how they could jointly reduce merit aid, “This is a merry-go-round that’s going very fast, and none of the institutions believe they can sustain the risks of trying to break away by themselves.”
　　A complicating factor is that merit aid has become so popular with middle-income families, who don’t qualify for need-based aid, that many have come to depend on it. And, as tuitions continue to increase, the line between merit and need blurs.
　　That’s one reason Allegheny College doesn’t plan to drop merit aid entirely.
　　“We still believe in rewarding superior achievements and know that these top students truly value the scholarship,” says Scott Friedhoff, Allegheny’s vice president for enrollment.
　　Emory University in Atlanta, which boasts a $4.7 billion endowment(捐赠), meanwhile, is taking another approach. This year, it announced it would eliminate loans for needy students and cap them for middle-income families. At the same time, it would expand its 28-year-old merit program.
　　“Yeah, we’re playing the merit game,” acknowledges Tom Lancaster, associate dean for undergraduate education. But it has its strong point, too, he says. “The fact of the matter is, it’s not just about the lowest-income people. It’s the average American middle-class family who’s being priced out of the market.”
　　*A few words about merit-based aid:
　　Merit-based aid is aid offered to students who achieve excellence in a given area, and is generally known as academic, athletic and artistic merit scholarships.
　　Academic merit scholarships are based on students’ grades, GPA and overall academic performance during high school. They are typically meant for students going straight to college right after high school. However, there are scholarships for current college students with exceptional grades as well. These merit scholarships usually help students pay tuition bills, and they can be renewed each year as long as the recipients continue to qualify. In some cases, students may need to be recommended by their school or a teacher as part of the qualification process.
　　Athletic merit scholarships are meant for students that excel(突出)in sports of any kind, from football to track and field events. Recommendation for these scholarships is required, since exceptional athletic performance has to be recognized by a coach or a referee(裁判). Applicants need to send in a tape containing their best performance.
　　Artistic merit scholarships require that applicants excel in a given artistic area. This generally includes any creative field such as art, design, fashion, music, dance or writing. Applying for artistic merit scholarships usually requires that students submit a portfolio(选辑)of some sort, whether that includes a collection of artwork, a recording of a musical performance or a video of them dancing.
　　1. With more and more low-income students pursuing higher education, a number of colleges are ________.
　　A) offering students more merit-based aid
　　B) revising their financial aid policies
　　C) increasing the amount of financial aid
　　D) changing their admission processes
　　2. What did Allegheny College in Meadville do three years ago?
　　A) It tried to implement a novel financial aid program.
　　B) It added $ 2.5 million to its need-based aid program.
　　C) It phased out its merit-based scholarships altogether.
　　D) It cuts its merit-based aid to help the needy students.
　　3. The chief purpose of rankings-conscious colleges in offering merit aid is to ______.
　　A) improve teaching quality B) boost their enrollments
　　C) attract good students D) increase their revenues
　　4. Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hamilton, believes ______.
　　A) it doesn’t pay to spend $ 1 million a year to raise its ranking
　　B) it gives students motivation to award academic achievements
　　C) it’s illogical to use so much money on only 4% of its students
　　D) it’s not right to give aid to those who can afford the tuition
　　5. In recent years, merit-based aid has increased much faster than need-based aid due to ______.
　　A) more government funding to colleges
　　B) fierce competition among institutions
　　C) the increasing number of top students
　　D) schools’ improved financial situations
　　6. What is the attitude of many private colleges toward merit aid, according to David Laird?
　　A) They would like to see it reduced.
　　B) They regard it as a necessary evil.
　　C) They think it does more harm than good.
　　D) They consider it unfair to middle-class families.
　　7. Why doesn’t Allegheny College plan to drop merit aid entirely?
　　A) Raising tuitions have made college unaffordable for middle-class families.
　　B) With rising incomes, fewer students are applying for need-based aid.
　　C) Many students from middle-income families have come to rely on it.
　　D) Rising incomes have disqualified many students for need-based aid.
　　8. Annual renewal of academic merit scholarships depends on whether the recipients remain ______.
　　9. Applicants for athletic merit scholarships need a recommendation from a coach or a referee who ______ their exceptional athletic performance.
　　10. Applicants for artistic merit scholarships must produce evidence to show their ______ in a particular artistic field

　　Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)
　　Section A
　　Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which the best answer is. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
　　Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
　　11.
　　A) Get some small change. B) Find a shopping center.
　　C) Cash a check at a bank. D) Find a parking meter.
　　12.
　　A) Shopping with his son. B) Buying a gift for a child.
　　C) Promoting a new product. D) Bargaining with a salesgirl.
　　13.
　　A) Taking photographs. B) Enhancing images.
　　C) Mending cameras. D) Painting pictures.
　　14.
　　A) He moved to Baltimore when he was young.
　　B) He can provide little useful information.
　　C) He will show the woman around Baltimore.
　　D) He will ask someone else to help the woman.
　　15.
　　A) He is rather disappointed B) He is highly ambitious.
　　C) He can’t face up to the situation D) He knows his own limitation.
　　16.
　　A) She must have paid a lot
　　B) She is known to have a terrific figure.
　　C) Her gym exercise has yielded good results.
　　D) Her effort to keep fit is really praiseworthy.
　　17.
　　A) Female students are unfit for studying physics.
　　B) He can serve as the woman’s tutor.
　　C) Physics is an important course at school.
　　D) The professor’s suggestion is constructive.
　　18.
　　A) Indifferent. B) Doubtful. C) Pleased. D) Surprised.
　　Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
　　19.
　　A) He prefers the smaller evening classes.
　　B) He has signed up for a day course.
　　C) He has to work during the day.
　　D) He finds the evening course cheaper.
　　20.
　　A) Learn a computer language.
　　B) Learn data processing.
　　C) Buy some computer software.
　　D) Buy a few coursebooks.
　　21.
　　A) Thursday evening, from 7:00 to 9:45.
　　B) From September 1 to New Year’s eve.
　　C) Every Monday, lasting for 12 weeks.
　　D) Three hours a week, 45 hours in total.
　　22.
　　A) What to bring for registration.
　　B) Where to attend the class.
　　C) How he can get to Frost Hall.
　　D) Whether he can use a check.
　　Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
　　23.
　　A) A training coach. B) A trading adviser.
　　C) A professional manager. D) A financial trader.
　　24.
　　A) He can save on living expenses. B) He considers cooking creative.
　　C) He can enjoy healthier food. D) He thinks take-away is tasteless.
　　25.
　　A) It is something inevitable. B) It is frustrating sometimes.
　　C) It takes patience to manage. D) It can be a good thing.
　　Section B
　　Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
　　Passage One
　　Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
　　26.
　　A) There were no planets without moons.
　　B) There was no air or water on Jupiter.
　　C) Life was not possible in outer space.
　　D) The mystery of life could not be resolved.
　　27.
　　A) It has a number of active volcanoes.
　　B) It has an atmosphere like the earth’s.
　　C) It has a large ocean under its surface.
　　D) It has deep caves several miles long.
　　28.
　　A) Light is not an essential element to it.
　　B) Life can form in very hot temperatures.
　　C) Every form of life undergoes evolution.
　　D) Oxygen is not needed for some life forms.
　　Passage Two
　　Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.
　　29.
　　A) Whether they should take the child home.
　　B) What Dr. Mayer’s instructions exactly were.
　　C) Who should take care of the child at home.
　　D) When the child would completely recover.
　　30.
　　A) She encourages them to ask questions when in doubt.
　　B) She makes them write down all her instructions.
　　C) She has them act out what they are to do at home.
　　D) She asks them to repeat what they are supposed to do.
　　31.
　　A) It lacks the stability of the printed word.
　　B) It contains many grammatical errors.
　　C) It is heavily dependent on the context.
　　D) It facilitates interpersonal communication.

　　Passage Three
　　Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
　　32.
　　A) Job security.
　　B) Good labour relations.
　　C) Challenging work.
　　D) Attractive wages and benefits.
　　33.
　　A) Many tedious jobs continue to be done manually.
　　B) More and more unskilled workers will lose jobs.
　　C) Computers will change the nature of many jobs.
　　D) Boring jobs will gradually be made enjoyable.
　　34.
　　A) Offer them chances of promotion.
　　B) Improve their working conditions.
　　C) Encourage them to compete with each other.
　　D) Give them responsibilities as part of a team.
　　35.
　　A) They will not bring real benefits to the staff.
　　B) They concern a small number of people only.
　　C) They are arbitrarily set by the administrators.
　　D) They are beyond the control of ordinary workers.
　　Section C
　　Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.
　　注意：此部分试题在答题卡2上。
　　In the humanities, authors write to inform you in many ways. These methods can be (36) ______ into three types of informational writing: factual, descriptive, and process.
　　Factual writing provides (37) ______ information on an author, composer, or artist or on a type of music, literature, or art. Examples of factual writing include notes on a book jacket or (38) ______ cover and longer pieces, such as an article describing a style of music which you might read in a music (39) ______ course. This kind of writing provides a (40) ______ for your study of the humanities.
　　As its name (41) ______, descriptive writing simply describes, or provides an (42) ______ of, a piece of music, art, or literature. For example, descriptive writing might list the colors an artist used in a painting or the (43) ______ a composer included in a musical composition, so as to make pictures or sounds in the reader’s mind by calling up specific details of the work. (44) ________.
　　Process writing explains a series of actions that bring about a result. (45) ________. This kind of writing is often found in art, where understanding how an art has created a certain effect is important. (46) _________.

　　Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)
　　 Section A
　　 Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
　　 Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
　　In families with two working parents, fathers may have more impact on a child’s language development than mothers, a new study suggests.
　　Researchers ___47___ 92 families form 11 child care centers before their children were a year old, interviewing each to establish income, level of education and child care arrangements. Overall, it was a group of well-class families, with married parents both living in the home.
　　When the children were 2, researchers videotaped them at home in free-play sessions with both parents, ___48 all of their speech. The study will appear in the November issue of The Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology.
　　The scientists measured the ___49___ number of utterance (话语) of the parents, the number of different words they used, the complexity of their sentences and other ___50___ of their speech. On average, fathers spoke less than mothers did, but they did not differ in the length of utterances or proportion of questions asked.
　　Finally, the researchers ___51___ the children’s speech at age 3, using a standardized language test. The only predictors of high scores on the test were the mother’s level of education, the ___52___ of child care and the number of different words the father used.
　　The researchers are ___53___ why the father’s speech, and not the mother’s, had an effect.
　　“It’s well ___54___ that the mother’s language does have an impact,” said Nadya Pancsofar, the lead author of the study. It could be that the high-functioning mothers in the study had ___55___ had a strong influence on their children’s speech development, Ms. Pancsofar said, “or it may be that mothers are __ 56___ in a way we didn’t measure in the study.”
　　注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。
　　A) already B) analyzed C) aspects D) characters E) contributing F) describing G) established H) quality
　　I) quoted J) recording K) recruited L) total
　　M) unconscious N) unsure O) yet
　　Section B
　　Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
　　Passage One
　　Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
　　Throughout this long, tense election, everyone has focused on the presidential candidates and how they’ll change America. Rightly so, but selfishly, I’m more fascinated by Michelle Obama and what she might be able to do, not just for this country, but for me as an African-American woman. As the potential First Lady, she would have the world’s attention. And that means that for the first time people will have a chance to get up close and personal with the type of African-American woman they so rarely see.
　　Usually, the lives of black women go largely unexamined. The prevailing theory seems to be that we’re all hot-tempered single mothers who can’t keep a man. Even in the world of make-believe, black women still can’t escape the stereotype of being eye-rolling, oversexed females raised by our never-married, alcoholic (酗酒的) mothers.
　　These images have helped define the way all women are viewed, including Michelle Obama. Before she ever gets the chance to commit to a cause, charity or foundation as First Lady, her most urgent and perhaps most complicated duty may be simple to be herself.
　　It won’t be easy. Because few mainstream publications have done in-depth features on regular African-American women, little is known about who we are, what we think and what we face on a regular basis. For better or worse, Michelle will represent us all.
　　Just as she will have her critics, she will also have millions of fans who usually have little interest in the First Lady. Many African-American blogs have written about what they’d like to see Michelle bring to the White House—mainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family. Michelle will have to work to please everyone—an impossible task. But for many African-American women like me, just a little of her poise (沉着), confidence and intelligence will go a long way in changing an image that’s been around for far too long.
　　57. Why does Michelle Obama hold a strong fascination for the author?
　　A) She serves as a role model for African women.
　　B) She possesses many admirable qualities becoming a First Lady.
　　C) She will present to the world a new image of African-American women.
　　D) She will pay closer attention to the interests of African-American women.
　　58. What is the common stereotype of African-American women according to the author?
　　A) They are victims of violence.
　　B) They are of an inferior violence.
　　C) They use quite a lot of body language.
　　D) They live on charity and social welfare.
　　59. What do many African-Americans write about in their blogs?
　　A) Whether Michelle can live up to the high expectations of her fans.
　　B) How Michelle should behave as a public figure.
　　C) How proud they are to have a black woman in the White House.
　　D) What Michelle should do as wife and mother in the White House.
　　60. What does the author say about Michelle Obama as a First Lady?
　　A) However many fans she has, she should remain modest,
　　B) She shouldn’t disappoint the African-American community.
　　C) However hard she tries, she can’t expect to please everybody.
　　D) She will give priority to African-American women’s concerns.
　　61. What do many African-American women hope Michelle Obama will do?
　　A) Help change the prevailing view about black women.
　　B) Help her husband in the task of changing America.
　　C) Outshine previous First Lady.
　　D) Fully display her fine qualities.

　　Passage Two
　　Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
　　When next year’s crop of high-school graduates arrive at Oxford University in the fall of 2009, they’ll be joined by a new face; Andrew Hamilton, the 55-year-old provost (教务长) of Yale, who’ll become Oxford’s vice-chancellor—a position equivalent to university president in America.
　　Hamilton isn’t the only educator crossing the Atlantic. Schools in France, Egypt, Singapore, etc, have also recently made top-level hires from abroad. Higher education has become a big and competitive business nowadays, and like so many businesses, it’s gone global. Yet the talent flow isn’t universal. High-level personnel tend to head in only one direction: outward from America.
　　The chief reason is that American schools don’t tend to seriously consider looking abroad. For example, when the board of the University of Colorado searched for a new president, it wanted a leader familiar with the state government, a major source of the university’s budget. “We didn’t do any global consideration,” says Patricia Hayes, the board’s chair. The board ultimately picked Bruce Benson, a 69-year-old Colorado businessman and political activist (活动家) who is likely to do well in the main task of modern university presidents: fund-raising. Fund-raising is a distinctively American thing, since U.S. schools rely heavily on donations. The fund-raising ability is largely a product of experience and necessity.
　　Many European universities, meanwhile, are still mostly dependent on government funding. But government support has failed to keep pace with rising student number. The decline in government support has made funding-raising an increasing necessary ability among administrators and has hiring committees hungry for Americans.
　　In the past few years, prominent schools around the world have joined the trend. In 2003, when Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard, another former Yale provost, as its vice-chancellor, the university publicly stressed that in her previous job she had overseen “a major strengthening of Yale’s financial position.”
　　Of course, fund-raising isn’t the only skill outsiders offer. The globalization of education means more universities will be seeking heads with international experience of some kind of promote international programs and attract a global student body. Foreigners can offer a fresh perspective on established practices.
　　62. What is the current trend in higher education discussed in the passage?
　　A) Institutions worldwide are hiring administrators from the U.S.
　　B) A lot of political activists are being recruited as administrators.
　　C) American universities are enrolling more international students.
　　D) University presidents are paying more attention to funding-raising.
　　63. What is the chief consideration of American universities when hiring top-level administrators?
　　A) The political correctness.
　　B) Their ability to raise funds.
　　C) Their fame in academic circles.
　　D) Their administrative experience.
　　64. What do we learn about European universities from the passage?
　　A) The tuitions they charge have been rising considerably.
　　B) Their operation is under strict government supervision.
　　C) They are strengthening their position by globalization.
　　D) Most of their revenues come from the government.
　　65. Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard as its vice-chancellor chiefly because _____.
　　A) she was known to be good at raising money
　　B) she could help strengthen its ties with Yale
　　C) she knew how to attract students overseas
　　D) she had boosted Yale’s academic status
　　66. In what way do top-level administrators from abroad contribute to university development?
　　A) They can enhance the university’s image.
　　B) They will bring with them more international faculty.
　　C) They will view a lot of things from a new perspective.
　　D) They can set up new academic disciplines.

　　Part Ⅴ Cloze (15 minutes)
　　Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
　　Older people must be given more chances to learn if they are to contribute to society rather than be a financial burden, according to a new study on population published recently.
　　The current people approach which 67 on younger people and on skills for employment is not 68 to meet the challenges of demographic (人口结构的) change, it says. Only 1% of the education budget is 69 spent on the oldest third of the population.
　　The 70 include the fact that most people can expect to spend a third of their lives in 71 , that there are now more people over 59 than under 16 and that 11.3 million people are 72 state pension age.
　　“ 73 needs to continue throughout life. Our historic concentration of policy attention and resources 74 young people cannot meet the new 75 ,” says the report’s author, Professor Stephen McNair.
　　The major 76 of our education budget is spent on people below the age of 25. 77 people are changing their jobs, 78 , partners and lifestyles more often than 79 , they need opportunities to learn at every age 80 , some people are starting new careers in their 50s and later.
　　People need opportunities to make a “midlife review” to 81 to the later stage of employed life, and to plan for the transition (过渡) 82 retirement, which may now happen 83 at any point from 50 to over 90, says McNair.
　　And there should be more money 84 to support people in establishing a 85 of identity and finding constructive 86 for the “third age”, the 20 or more years they will spend in healthy retired life.
　　67. A) operates B) focuses C) counts D) depends
　　68. A) superior B) regular C) essential D) adequate
　　69. A) currently B) barely C) anxiously D) heavily
　　70. A) regulations B) obstacles C) challenges D) guidelines
　　71. A) enjoyment B) retirement C) stability D) inability
　　72. A) over B) after C) across D) beside
　　73. A) Indentifying B) Learning C) Instructing D) Practicing
　　74. A) at B) by C) in D) on
　　75. A) desires B) realms C) needs D) intentions
　　76. A) measure B) ratio C) area D) portion
　　77. A) When B) Until C) Whether D) Before
　　78. A) neighbors B) moods C) homes D) minds
　　79. A) age B) ever C) previously D) formerly
　　80. A) For example B) By contrast C) In particular D) On average
　　81. A) transform B) yield C) adjust D) suit
　　82. A) within B) from C) beyond D) to
　　83. A) unfairly B) unpredictably C) instantly D) indirectly
　　84. A) reliable B) considerable C) available D) feasible
　　85. A) sense B) conscience C) project D) definition
　　86. A) ranks B) assets C) ideals D) roles

　　Part VI Translation (5 minutes)
　　Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.
　　87. You would not have failed if you __________________________(按照我的指令去做).
　　88. Despite the hardship he encountered, Mark never ______________(放弃对知识的追求).
　　89. Scientists agree that it will be a long time ______________(我们找到治愈癌症的方法).
　　90. Production has to be increased considerably to __________________(与消费者不断增长的需求保持同步).
　　91. The more exercise you take,________________________(你越不大可能得感冒).

2009年12月大学英语四级考试答案详解
　　Part Ⅰ Writing
　　审题谋篇
　　本次四级作文主题为“绿色校园”，这是一个看似简单普通的话题，写起来却不是那么容易。因为很多考生对于“绿色校园”所表达的内涵感觉比较生僻。假如对“绿色校园”这一主题感到难以把握，考生可以从作文提纲入手进行分析以获取对“绿色校园”这一概念的相关信息。
　　根据作文提示2，可以看出此处的“绿色校园”指的决不仅仅是青青的草地和高大的树木构成的校园绿色风景，也不仅仅指对校园环境的珍视和爱护，而是指一种环境保护的文化氛围和师生具有的环境素养，以及由此带来的和谐的人文环境和社会绩效。在深入理解概念的基础上，考生还应对 “绿色校园”的重要性进行剖析，这时，考生可以从多个角度组织素材，比如从校园的环境问题出发，进而扩展到师生的环境意识对“绿色校园”所产生的长远意义以及为未来环境改善所做的贡献。最后是阐述建设“绿色校园”所要采取的措施。
　　需要注意的就是作文给分的重点在于考生如何用恰当的语言词汇表达自己的思想观点。而不是写得越多，得分就越高。一般分成三个自然段，大概十句话，基本的分布为首段、末段合起来五句或六句，中间段五句或四句，做到结构清楚，重点突出，就可以了。
　　参考范文
　　Creating a Green Campus
　　Recently, with the idea of making and maintaining “a green earth” being the focus of the society, “green campus” has become a more and more popular concept in universities or colleges, which, undoubtedly, will bring us an ever-lasting benefit to both our campus and our society.
　　The concept of “green campus” does not only mean a green environment but also refers to an environmental sense in people’s mind. Campus plays a crucial role in educating the young generation and the consciousness of “green campus” will definitely produce a profound effect on students’ various environmental protection activities after their graduation. What’s more, the young generation is under the burden of severe environmental pollution and there are many problems waiting for them to solve.
　　To make “green campus” come true, firstly, it is necessary to work out effective principles for the development of sustainable and recyclable campus. Secondly, it calls for people’s awareness of the serious pollution around us and actual action to reduce the waste. Last but not least, it is necessary to strengthen the ties between campus and society, so as to ensure that “green campus” can work smoothly with the co-effort of the whole society.
 
　　建设绿色校园
　　近来，随着建设并保持“绿色地球”的观念成为社会关注的焦点，“绿色校园”也成为校园里流行的话题。这无疑会给我们的校园和社会带来长远的利益。
　　“绿色校园”不仅仅指绿色的环境，还包括人们头脑中的环境意识。学校在培养年轻一代上起着关键作用，“绿色校园”的意识必定会对学生毕业后的环境保护意识产生长远影响。更为重要的是，年轻一代面临着严重的环境污染，有太多问题等待他们去解决。
　　为使“绿色校园”成为现实，首先应该制定出可持续发展、可长远发展的有效政策。其次，还需要人们对环境污染的严肃性有正确认识并采取实际行动切实减少污染。最后但同样重要的是，有必要加强学校和社会的联系以便在全社会的共同努力下使“绿色校园”顺利实施。
　　范文点评
　　范文以“绿色校园”开篇，保证了文章切题。第一段开门见山，强调当今环保理念下构建“绿色校园”的长远意义。第二段，着重讨论“绿色校园”的含义，指出“绿色校园”不仅指校园中的绿化，还指生活在校园中的人们的绿色和环保意识，把校园这个小环境和社会这个大环境结合起来，说理更加深刻。第三段是谈及具体的做法，分一、二、三点进行论述，无疑是使“绿色校园”的理念落在实处。结构完整，首尾呼应，用词准确。关系词的正确使用让句与句之间、段与段之间衔接紧凑，思想表达成熟有深度。
　　【生动的用词】 maintain保持;concept概念;profound长远的;sustainable可持续的;recyclable可循环的。
　　【丰富的短语】bring benefit to带来利益;play a crucial role in发挥关键作用;under the burden of在……重负下;come true实现;call for要求。
　　【多变的句式】
　　范文中长句、短句、简单句、复杂句交叉使用。不同句型之间的转换，能让阅卷老师更好地了解考生对句子结构的掌握运用，从而获得高分。
　　避错指导
　　本次作文在题材上，虽然仍然延续了我们所熟悉的校园类话题，但与社会背景有很大关系。刚刚闭幕的哥本哈根世界气候大会使环保减排这个主题成为焦点，在全世界都提倡可持续发展、和谐发展这一背景下的“绿色校园”，同时也是一个社会热点话题，这是我们审题时所必须考虑的。另外开篇时，切忌拖泥带水，应直截了当，使阅卷老师对文章主题一目了然。
　　除正确审题之外，考生还应注意语言的准确运用，不落俗套。不同句型之间转换时，考生应对句子结构全面掌握，避免句式错误造成扣分。
　　最后，应尽量避免单词拼写错误。本次作文常见的卷面拼写错误如下表：
　　正确拼写 词性及词义 错误的拼写
　　focus n. 焦点 focuse
　　effect n. 影响 effection /affect
　　environment n. 环境 envirment/invironment
　　burden n. 负担 burdon
　　solve v. 解决 slove
　　serious a. 严肃的 serous
　　true a. 真的 ture
　　society n. 社会 soceity
 
　　theory n. 理论 thery
　　总之，考生在构思和写作过程中要尽可能做到思路完整，恰如其分地选择词汇。毕竟，无错表达才是四级语言表达合格的核心。
　　能力拓展
　　【同义词转换】
　　作文表达除了准确，还要做到句式多变，词汇灵活多样。
　　1. realize → be aware of 意识到
　　We’d better be aware of the seriousness of pollution around us. 我们最好意识到周围污染的严峻性。
　　2. keep → preserve 保持
　　It is necessary to educate the students to be conscious of the importance to preserve the environment. 有必要教育学生意识到保护环境的重要性。
　　3. lead → conduct 引导
　　This will help conduct the activities of the college students. 这有助于引导大学生的行为。
　　【话题备考锦囊】
　　6. The idea of “a green campus” is beyond a green environment. “绿色校园”绝不仅仅是一个绿色环境。
　　7. The construction of “a green campus” will greatly stimulate students to take part in various environmental protection activities. 建设“绿色校园”将会极大激励学生参与环境保护。
　　8. To bring “a green campus” to its full play, effective measures should be taken.实施“绿色校园”，必须采取有效措施。
　　9. Campus construction is of vital importance not only to the physical development of students but to their mental health as well. 校园建设不仅对学生的身体发展很重要，而且对他们的心理健康也很重要。
　　10. There is little doubt that further consideration must be paid to our green campus. 毫无疑问，对于绿色校园应该给与更多的思考。
　　【话题词汇拓展】
　　devastation n. 毁坏
　　disastrous a. 损失惨重的
　　doom v. 厄运，毁灭
　　existence n. 存在，生活
　　healthful a. 健康的
　　messy a. 肮脏的，凌乱的
　　participation n. 分享，参与
　　preserve v. 保存，保护
　　preventive a. 预防性的
　　purify v. 澄清，净化
　　stimulation n. 激励，鼓舞
　　arouse consciousness 唤起意识
　　命题风向标
　　本次作文难度适中，与之前考试中出现的“限塑”主题有千丝万缕的联系。考生要想在本次作文中获取高分，除了审题恰当独到，还要有扎实的语言基础。如本文主题“绿色校园”可以采用多种表达：green campus和environmental-friendly campus;“绿色校园的构建”可以使用create，build up，establish和construct等，以体现考生对词汇多样性的积累。
　　从关注白色污染，到关注博物馆免费开放，再到绿色校园的构建，四级作文命题重点在侧重校园类话题的同时开始向与大学生生活有关的话题转移。由此也凸显了对历年真题分析的重要意义。更多地立足真题，总结规律，切实提高自己的语言能力，始终是四级作文备考的根本。
　Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)
　　篇章结构

核心词汇
　　1. aid n. ①帮助，援助 ②助手v. 帮助，援助
　　【用】financial aid经济援助;merit aid/ Merit-based奖学金;need-based aid助学金或经济资助;foreign aid外援，对外援助;hearing aid助听器;aids and appliances用具，设备【搭】in aid to用来帮助，起……作用;lead one’s aid (to)援助，给予帮助;in aid of作为援助……之用【拓】aidance n. 协助，帮助;aidant a. 帮助的;aided a. 辅助的
　　2. project v. ①设计 ②发射n. 事业，计划，工程
　　【用】Project Hope希望工程;project manager项目经理;project plan项目规划;project budget项目预算，工程预算【拓】projection n. 突出，发射;projecting a. 突出的
　　3. selective a. 选择性的
　　4. 【用】selective analysis重点分析;selective breeding选择育种，选择性繁殖 【拓】select v. 挑选，选拔a. 精选的;selection n. 选择，挑选，选集
　　5. package n. 包裹;套装软件，程序包a. 一揽子的
　　【用】package design包装设计;package agreement一揽子安排，一揽子方案;package holiday(旅行社安排一切的)一揽子旅游;package tour包办旅行(路线、地点、时间和费用等均作统一规定和安排的旅游);package program组装程序【拓】pack n.包装，背包v. 包装，压紧;packaged a. 袋装的;packager n. 打包机
　　6. ranking a. 头等的;n. 等级，地位
　　【用】ranking list排名;ranking method等级法，排序法【拓】rank n. 等级;队列;v. 排列，列队
　　7. grant v. ①授予 ②承认;n. ①授予物 ②拨款
　　【用】grant of a patent授予专利权【搭】take…for granted认为……是理所当然; Granted/Granting that即使……(也)【拓】grants n. 补助金，津贴(grant的复数)
　　8. enrol v. 登记，入学，参军，注册
　　【搭】enrol in选课，参加【拓】enrollment n. 登记，入伍;enrollee n. 入学者，入伍者
　　9. eliminate v. 消除，排除
　　【用】eliminate illiteracy扫盲;eliminate poverty消除贫困;eliminate noise 消除噪声【拓】eliminate 是指把已进入者从中排除;exclude v. 指把想进入者拒之门外
　　10. qualify v. 使具有资格，证明……合格【用】qualifying examination资格考试，初试;qualifying competition预选赛，资格赛 【搭】qualify as 取得……资格，作为……合适;qualify for有……的资格，合格【拓】qualified a. 有资格的，合格的
 
　　11. excel v. 胜过，优于，擅长n. [计算机] 软件名称
　　【搭】to excel in/at (在某方面)胜过(或超过)别人;to excel in music 擅长音乐【拓】 excellent a. 极好的，卓越的;excellence n. 优秀，长处
　　12. submit v. 使服从，提交【用】submit oneself to discipline遵守纪律;submit registration提交登记表，提交注册【搭】submit to 服从;submit…to 将……呈交给【拓】 submission n. 服从，投降
　　试题详解
　　1. 【原题译文】随着越来越多的低收入学生追求高等教育，一些学院__。
　　B【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是more and more，low-income students和pursuing higher education。由此即可定位到原文第二段，全文的主旨段。
　　【篇章分析】原文第二段指出：“But with low-income students projected to make up an ever-larger share of the college-bound population in coming years, some schools are re-examining whether that aid, typically known as merit aid, is the most effective use of precious institutional dollars.”原文中with low-income students projected to make up an ever-larger share of the college-bound population和题干中with more and more low-income students pursuing higher education意思一致;原文中re-examining和B选项中revise意思相同。所以答案为B。
　　2. 【原题译文】位于米德维尔的阿勒格尼学院三年前做了什么?
　　D【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是大学名称Allegheny College in Meadville和do，由此定位到原文第三段。
　　【篇章分析】原文第三段指出：“George Washington University in Washington, D.C., for example, said last week that it would cut the value of its average merit scholarships by about one-third and reduce the number of recipients (接受者), pouring the savings, about $2.5 million, into need-based aid. Allegheny College in Meadville, Pa., made a similar decision three years ago.”题目中的D项It cut its merit-based aid help the needy students与原文cut the value of its average merit scholarships by about one-third and reduce the number of recipients, pouring the savings, about $2.5 million, into need-based aid意思相同，所以答案为D。
　　3. 【原题译文】有排名意识的大学提供奖学金的主要目的是__。
　　C【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是rankings-conscious和purpose，由此可定位到原文第七段。
　　【篇章分析】原文第七段指出：“But for rankings-conscious schools in between, merit aid has served primarily as a tool to recruit top students and to improve their academic profiles.”原文中的recruit表示“招收”，和答案C中的attract意思相似，所以答案为C。
　　4. 【原题译文】汉密尔顿的入学和助学金办公室主任莫尼卡?英泽相信__。
　　D【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hanilton，由此可定位到原文第十段。
　　【篇章分析】原文第十段指出：“to be discounting the price for families that don’t need financial aid doesn’t feel right any more.”原文与D项it’s not right to give aid to those who can afford the tuition意思相同，所以答案为D。
　　5. 【原题译文】近年来，奖学金的增长比助学金快得多，是因为__。
　　B【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是merit-based aid和increased，由此即可定位到原文第十二段第二句。
　　【篇章分析】原文第十二段第二句指出：“typically in a bid to enroll top students in the state’s public institutions.” in a bid to 可以理解为“为了……，力求……”。enroll top students in the state’s public institutions符合原题意思，所以答案为B
6. 【原题译文】依大卫?莱尔德来看，许多私立学院对奖学金的态度是什么?
　　A【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是David Laird，attitude，private colleges和merit aid，由此即可定位到原文第十四段。
　　【篇章分析】原文第十四段指出：“David Laird, president of the Minnesota Private College Council, says many of his schools would like to reduce their merit aid”。原文和答案A项They would like to see it reduced意思一致，所以答案为A。
　　7. 【原题译文】为什么阿勒格尼学院不打算完全取消奖学金?
　　C【快速解题】本题的题干是Allegheny College和drop merit aid。由此即可定位到原文第十六段。
　　【篇章分析】原文第十六段指出：“A complicating factor is that merit aid has become so popular with middle-income families, who don’t qualify for need-based aid, that many have to depend on it.”。原文中depend on和答案C选项中的rely on意思相同，所以答案为C。
 
　　8. qualified
　　【原题译文】每年是否可以继续享受学术奖学金取决于奖学金得主是否继续________。
　　【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是annual renewal，academic，merit scholarships和recipient，由此即可定位到原文A few words about merit-based aid这一部分。
　　【篇章分析】原文A few words about merit-based aid部分第四句指出：“These merit scholarships usually help students pay tuition bills, and they can be renewed each year as long as the recipients continue to qualify”。 这些奖学金通常帮助学生交纳学费，只要他们继续符合条件，每年都可以继续享受。原文中的each year在本题中被换成了annual，原文中的renewed在本题中被换成了名词renewal，原文中的continue被转换成了remain，所以本题应该填形容词qualified。
　　9. recognizes
　　【原题译文】体育奖学金申请者要求有______其在运动方面有杰出表现的教练或裁判的推荐。
　　【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是athletic和a coach or a referee，由此即可定位到原文A few words about merit-based aid这一部分第三段。
　　【篇章分析】原文A few words about merit-based aid这一部分第三段：“Recommendation for this scholarships is required, since exceptional athletic performance has to be recognized by a coach or a referee (裁判).”本奖学金必须有人推荐，因为杰出的运动表现必须得到教练或裁判的认可。题目把原文的被动结构变成了主动，而a coach or a referee是第三人称单数，所以本题应该填的答案是recognizes。
　　10. excellence
　　【原题译文】艺术奖学金要求申请者必须提交能表明其在某一领域______的证明。
　　【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是applicants，artistic merit scholarships，produce evidence和show，由此可定位到原文A few words about merit-based aid这一部分第四段。
　　【篇章分析】原文A few words about merit-based aid这一部分第四段指出：“Artistic merit scholarships require that applicants excel in a given artistic area”。艺术奖学金要求申请者在一定艺术领域有突出表现。原文中的in a given artistic field和题目中的in a particular artistic field同义，题目中需要填的是动词show的宾语，即一个名词，而原句中对应的excel却是动词词性，需要变成名词形式，所以答案就是excel的名词形式excellence。
　　全文精译  
　　大学重新审视奖学金的价值
　　许多大学给予学生经济资助时，最重要的依据仍然是学生良好的评估等级和较高的试卷分数。
　　但是在未来几年里，预计低收入家庭的学生数占大学生总数的比例越来越大。一些学校正在重新考虑奖学金是否是利用大学宝贵的资金最有效的途径。
　　例如，华盛顿特区的乔治?华盛顿大学上周公布说将削减约三分之一的奖学金，减少奖学金得主数，而将节省下来的大约250万美元用于助学金。位于宾夕法尼亚州米德维尔的阿勒格尼学院三年前也做出了类似的决定。
　　纽约克林顿市的哈密尔顿学院说它将逐步淘汰奖学金。该规定不会使现有的奖学金得主失去奖学金，助学金制度将从2008年秋天入学的学生开始实行。
　　并不是所有的大学都提供奖学金;一般来说，淘汰率越高的学校，越不太可能提供奖学金。例如，哈佛大学和普林斯顿大学慷慨地提供了各种助学金，但是许多不符合助学条件的家庭为了上名牌大学不管付多少钱都愿意。
　　对于规模较小的地方性学院来说，他们只是努力填满空缺，奖学金只是财政收入的重要来源，因为许多奖学金得主仍需支付比奖学金金额更高的学费，而正是这些学费维持大学的运转。
　　但是对于有排名意识的学校，奖学金已经成为招收一流学生和改善他们的学术效益的一种主要工具。斯基德莫尔大学的经济学家桑迪?波美说，“他们试图购买学生”。
　　研究表明奖学金存在一种倾向，即大部分奖学金得主不依靠奖学金仍能支付得起学费。
　　“展望未来，更迫切需要的助学金投资”，汉密尔顿的入学和助学金办公室主任莫尼卡?英泽说。汉密尔顿大学已提供10年的奖学金。在这段时间里，在《美国新闻和世界报导》对最好的文学院的排名中，它从第25名上升到第17名。
　　奖学金每年帮助了大约75名学生，或大约4%的学生，花费大约为一年1百万美元，“奖学金给我们带来了好处”，英泽说，但“奖学金这种变相优惠学费的做法对不需要经济援助的家庭来说，似乎不妥。”
　　助学金目前仍是学生接受资助的主要方式，包括国家助学金、联邦助学金和机构助学金。但是，从总体上和大学层面上来看，主要由学校和州提供的奖学金增长速度很快。
　　一项由美国宾州州立大学教授唐纳德?海勒主持的研究报告表明，在1995-96和2003-04年之间，仅就大学的奖学金而言，增加了212%，而助学金增加了47%。至少有15个州也提供奖学金，通常是为了在公立大学中招收优等生。
　　但是近年来，越来越多的批评已经迫使大学开始减少这种做法。汉密尔顿和其他大学最近的决策可能是“一种迹象，表明人们开始意识到这种破坏性的竞争”，波美说。波美与他人合作，共同发表了一份《大学报告》，对于大学资助不是建立在需要的基础之上表示担忧。
 
　　明尼苏达私立大学委员会主席大卫?莱尔德认为，很多私立学校想减少奖学金，但害怕这样做，会使优秀学生流失到他们的竞争对手那里去。
　　“没有人可以采取单方面行动，”莱尔德说。他正在探索是否能获得联邦反托拉斯法的豁免，以使会员大学可以讨论如何共同降低奖学金。“这是一个跑得很快的旋转木马，没有大学相信他们能承受摆脱木马束缚的风险。”
　　一个复杂因素就是，奖学金已经在不符合助学金条件的中产阶级家庭中变得很受欢迎，结果许多家庭都依靠它。并且，随着学费不断增加，奖助学金之间的界限也变得模糊了。
　　这是阿勒格尼大学并不打算完全取消奖学金的理由之一。
　　“我们仍然相信对成绩优异者进行奖励的效用，好学生很重视奖学金”， 阿勒格尼大学负责招生的副校长斯科特?弗利达霍夫说。
　　位于亚特兰大的艾莫利大学以拥有47亿美元的捐赠而自豪。同时该校拟采取新政策。今年，该大学宣布将取消特困生贷款，同时对中产阶级家庭的贷款进行限额，但它将扩大其已有28年历史的奖学金项目。
　　“是的，我们在玩奖学金游戏，”负责大学本科教育的副院长汤姆兰?卡斯特承认。但这也有它的优势，他说，“事实上，这不仅仅关系到低收入人群，它还关系到无缘问津助学金、普通的美国中产阶级家庭。”
　　* 关于奖学金制度的几点补充
　　奖学金是向在某一领域杰出的学生提供的资助，通常是指学术、体育和艺术奖学金。
　　学术奖学金是以学生在高中阶段的分数，平均成绩和学术表现为基础。它们通常是专门为学生在高中毕业后直接进入大学而设置的。然而，还有为学习成绩格外突出的在校大学生准备的奖学金。这些奖学金通常帮助学生交纳学费，只要他们继续符合条件，每年都可以继续享受。某些情况下，学生在申请过程中可能需要学校或者一位教师推荐。
　　运动奖学金是为在任何一种体育运动中突出的学生设置的奖学金，从足球到田径项目。本奖学金必须有人推荐，因为杰出的运动表现必须得到教练或裁判的认可。申请者需要寄送包含他们最佳表现的一盘磁带。
　　艺术奖学金要求申请者在一定艺术领域有突出表现。一般包括创作领域，如艺术、设计、时装、音乐、舞蹈或写作。申请艺术奖学金，通常要求学生提供一个选辑，它可以包括艺术作品集、音乐表演录像或舞蹈的视频
　　Part IV Reading Comprehension
　　Section A
　　篇章结构
　　全文共分为七段。第一段介绍了本文的主题——双职工家庭中，父亲可能比母亲对于孩子语言的发展有更大的影响力。第二至六段介绍研究者们对九十二个家庭的孩子的活动以及父母与之交流的语言进行了跟踪、调查，最后，当孩子们三岁时，研究者们对孩子进行了标准化的语言测试，并对他们的言语进行了分析。研究者们发现父亲而非母亲的言语对孩子更有影响。最后一段，那达亚?潘克索发说可能因为在研究中能力强的母亲已经对孩子的言语发展产生了很大的影响，或者可能母亲起作用的方式在研究中没有测量。
 
　　词汇热身
　　【名词】aspects 方面;characters 性质，特征;quality 质量
　　【动词】analyzed 分析;established确定的，证实的; quoted 引用;recruited 招聘，招募;contributing 贡献，捐献;describing 描述;recording 记录
　　【形容词】total 总共的，总计的;unconscious 不知道的，无意识的;unsure不确定;
　　【副词】yet 还，仍旧;already 已经
　　难句解析
　　4. Researchers recruited 92 families form 11 child care centers before their children were a year old, interviewing each to establish income, level of education and child care arrangements.
　　【解析】本句的主干是Researchers recruited 92 families，主干之后form 11 child care centers是介词短语作定语, 修饰families, 而before their children were a year old是时间状语从句。句子的第二部分interviewing each to… 是现在分词短语作谓语recruit的伴随状语。
　　【译文】研究者们从十一个幼儿护理中心招募了九十二个家庭，他们的孩子都不到一岁，并且逐一了解他们的收入、受教育状况、以及孩子的照顾情况。
　　5. “It’s well established that the mother’s language does have an impact,” said Nadya Pancsofar, the lead author of the study.
　　【解析】句中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是that从句。其中It’s well established that…, 意为“大家公认……”，而真正的主语that the mother’s language does have an impact中的does用来表示强调，意为“的确，确实”。
　　【译文】该研究的主要作者那达亚?潘克索发说：“大家公认母亲的语言的确有影响力。”
　　试题详解
　　47.【快速解题】动词辨义题。
　　K【火眼金睛】本句缺少谓语，根据句中before引导的时间状语从句中的过去时态，可以断定谓语动词应使用过去时。根据句意，备选动词中recruited符合题意。此外备选词中analyzed是强干扰项，但其实并不合适，因为“研究者们分析了92个家庭……，并且逐一询问了他们的收入、受教育状况、孩子的照顾情况。”其中“分析”与“逐一询问”在逻辑意义上不符。
　　48.【快速解题】动词辨义题。
　　J【火眼金睛】空格处在with短语中，且应该作宾语parents 的补足语。根据句意可知此处应为“研究人员将他们与父母双方在家自由玩耍的情景录制下来，并记录他们所有的谈话。”可以看出此处需填一个动名词，并含有“记录”的意思，备选动词中recording 符合题意。
　　49.【快速解题】动词辨义题。
　　L【火眼金睛】空格位于the 与number之间，可知此处需填入一个形容词作定语。备选形容词中total 符合题意，意为“父母亲话语总的数量”。
　　50.【快速解题】名词辨义题。
　　C【火眼金睛】空格位于other 之后，可知此处需填入名词，备选名词只有aspects符合题意，意为“科学家们测量了父母亲话语总的数量，使用不同词汇的数量，他们的语句的复杂程度以及他们语言的其他方面。”
51.【快速解题】动词辨义题。
　　B【火眼金睛】空格在主语the researchers之后，可知此处应填入谓语动词的过去时态。剩余的备选动词中analyzed 符合题意，意为“最后，当孩子们三岁时，研究者们对孩子进行了标准化的语言测试，并对他们的语言进行了分析。”
　　52.【快速解题】名词辨义题。
　　H【火眼金睛】空格处前后分别为 the 与of，可知此处需填入名词，根据上下文可知该句意为“测试中，预测高分的指标包括母亲受教育的程度，养育孩子的质量，父亲使用不同词汇的数量。”备选名词中quality 符合题意。
　　53.【快速解题】形容词辨义题。
　　N【火眼金睛】空格位于be动词与why 从句之间，可知需填入形容词或过去分词，以构成系表结构。动词中的剩余词汇，均不能使句意通顺。备选形容词中unsure可使句意通顺，意为“令研究者们疑惑的是为什么父亲而非母亲的语言对孩子有影响。”
　　54.【快速解题】动词辨义题。
　　G【火眼金睛】空格处在is well和that从句之间，此处需要填入过去分词。备选动词中established 符合题意, 其中it is well established that…，意为“大家公认……”。
　　55.【快速解题】副词辨义题。
　　A【火眼金睛】本句结构完整，空格处需填入一个副词。空格前后的had并不相同，前面的had是构成过去完成时态的助动词，后面的had是短语have a strong influence on…，结合句意，备选副词中already符合题意。
　　56.【快速解题】动词辨义题。
　　E【火眼金睛】纵观全句，空格处应填入现在分词，与are构成现在进行时态。根据句意“最终对于整个学校的文化氛围都会产生有益的影响”。备选动词中contributing符合题意, 意为“可能母亲起作用的方式在研究中我们没有测量。”
 
　　全文精译
　　一项新的研究表明，父母都工作的家庭，父亲可能比母亲对于孩子语言的发展有更大的影响力。
　　研究者们从十一个幼儿护理中心招募了九十二个家庭，他们的孩子都不到一岁，并且逐一询问了他们的收入、受教育状况、孩子的照顾情况。总之，它们都是受过良好教育的中产阶级家庭，父母双亲都和孩子住在一起。
　　当孩子两岁时，研究人员将他们与父母双方在家自由玩耍的情景录制下来，并记录他们所有的谈话。该研究将发表在《应用发展心理学杂志》第十一期。
　　科学家们测量了父母亲话语总的数量、使用不同词汇的数量、他们的语句的复杂程度以及他们语言的其他方面。通常，父亲比母亲说的少，但是在话语的长度和问问题的多少方面，他们没有差别。
　　最后，当孩子们三岁时，研究人员对孩子进行了标准化的语言测试，并对他们的语言进行了分析。测试中，预测高分的指标包括母亲受教育的程度、养育孩子的质量和父亲使用不同词汇的数量。
　　令研究者们疑惑的是为什么父亲而非母亲的语言对孩子有影响。
　　该研究的主要作者那达亚?潘克索发说：“大家都公认母亲的语言的确有影响力。”也可能因为在研究中能力强的母亲已经对孩子的语言发展产生了很大的影响。她又讲到，“或者可能母亲起作用的方式在研究中我们没有测量。”
　　Section B
　　Passage One
　　篇章结构
　　本文是一篇议论文，选自《新闻周刊》2008年11月刊，题目为MICHELLE OBAMA IS A BLACK SKINNED BEAUTY!。全文共五段。第一段作者介绍作为黑人女性，她更关注米歇尔?奥巴马，因为作为准第一夫人，米歇尔代表的正是人们平时极少接触的非洲裔女性美国公民。第二至四段介绍过去人们对黑人女性带有成见的看法，因此米歇尔将代表所有黑人女性来改变世人对她们的看法。最后一段介绍米歇尔作为第一夫人，美国黑人对她的期望，以及她身上所具有的、黑人女性应该学习的品质。
　　核心词汇
　　9. candidate n. 候选人，申请求职者
　　【文中实例】Throughout this long, tense election, everyone has focused on the presidential candidates and how they’ll change America. 在这个持久而紧张的选举中，每个候选人都成为了众人的焦点，人们关注着他们如何来改变整个美国。
　　【实例拓展】He is running as a candidate for Liberal party。他作为民主党候选人参选。
　　【举一反三】同义词applicant，seeker，nominee n. 申请者，候选人
　　10. fascinate v. 使着迷，使极感兴趣
　　【文中实例】I’m more fascinated by Michelle Obama and what she might be able to do, ….我更期待米歇尔?奥巴马，不止期待着她能够为这个国家做些什么，……。
　　【实例拓展】Her beauty fascinated every boy. 她的美貌使所有的男孩子都着了迷。
　　【举一反三】派生词 fascinated a. 着迷的;fascinating a. 令人着迷的;fascination n. 魅力
　　11. prevailing a. 普遍的，盛行的，流行的
　　【文中实例】The prevailing theory seems to be that we’re all hot-tempered single mothers who can’t keep a man. 时下流行的看法是大多黑人女性都是脾气暴躁的单身妈妈，吸引不住男人。
　　【实例拓展】a prevailing set of cultural values 一套盛行的文化价值观
　　【举一反三】派生词prevail (over) v. 胜过，压倒，占优势
　　12. stereotype n. 陈规，固定的看法
　　【文中实例】Even in the world of make-believe, black women still can’t escape the stereotype of being eye-rolling, oversexed females raised by our never-married, alcoholic (酗酒的) mothers. 在人们的想象中，黑人女性给人留下的刻板印象往往是：受人歧视，性交过度，通常被未婚的酒鬼老妈养大。
　　【实例拓展】It’s wrong to stereotype people, as if they were all alike. 把人们看作都是一样的，这是错误的。
　　【举一反三】派生词stereotype v. 使模式化 stereotyped a. 固定化的，老一套的
　　13. commit v. 承诺，使受约束
　　【文中实例】Before she ever gets the chance to commit to a cause, charity or foundation as First Lady, …在有机会作为第一夫人去成就一番事业，去做慈善或办基金会之前，……。
　　【实例拓展】He has committed himself to support them. 他答应负担他们的生活。
　　【举一反三】派生词committed a. 坚定的，忠诚的;commitment n. 承诺，诺言
　　6. feature n. 特写，专题报道
　　【文中实例】Because few mainstream publications have done in-depth features on regular African-American women,…. 因为主流的媒体们都未曾深入地报道过普通非洲裔美国女性，……。
 
　　【实例拓展】a frontpage feature on coal mining 头版上关于采煤的特写
　　【举一反三】词义扩展feature n. 特征，容貌;v. 以……为特征，特写
难句解析  
　　1. For example, when the board of the University of Colorado searched for a new president, it wanted a leader familiar with the state government, a major source of the university’s budget.
　　【解析】when引导时间状语从句，其后是主句，该主句中的familiar with the state government是形容词短语作定语，修饰leader;而句末a major source of the university’s budget 是同位语来说明the state government。
　　【译文】例如，科罗拉多大学董事会在遴选新校长时，他们想聘用一个与州政府熟悉的领导人，因为州政府是学校的主要资金来源。
　　2. In 2003，when Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard, another former Yale provost, as its vice-chancellor, the university publicly stressed that in her previous job she had overseen “ a major strengthening of Yale’s financial position.”
　　【解析】句首的when 从句是非限制性定语从句，补充说明2003。句子的主句是the university…stressed that…，其中that引出宾语从句。宾语从句中的主句为she had overseen a major strengthening。
　　【译文】2003年，剑桥大学任命前耶鲁大学教务长艾莉森?理查德为副校长。学校公开强调艾莉森之前的工作确保了“耶鲁大学财政状况良好”。
　　3. The globalization of education means more universities will be seeking heads with international experience of some kind to promote international programs and attract a global student body.
　　【解析】本句的主干简单易懂，是The globalization of education means…。但其后的宾语从句的结构复杂，该从句的主干是more universities will be seeking heads，heads 之后的with international experience of some kind 是介词短语做定语。句末的to promote international programs and attract a global student body是目的状语。
　　【译文】教育全球化意味着更多的大学将要聘用那些具有国际经验的校长，以促进国际间项目的合作，招收留学生。
　　试题详解
　　62. What is the current trend in higher education discussed in the passage? 62. 文章中讨论的目前高等教育的趋势是什么?
　　A) Institutions worldwide are hiring administrators from the U.S. A) 世界范围的高校正在从美国聘请管理人员。
　　B) A lot of political activists are being recruited as administrators. B) 大量政治活动家被聘为管理人员。
　　C) American universities are enrolling more international students. C) 美国大学扩招留学生.
　　D) University presidents are paying more attention to funding-raising D) 大学校长更加注重筹措资金。
　　【快速解题】事实细节题。根据题干中the current trend in higher education，定位答案在第二段最后两句。
　　【正确项分析】根据这两句话Yet the talent flow isn’t universal. High-level personnel tend to head in only one direction: outward from America. 如今，高等教育已成为极具竞争力的商业行为，并且日渐国际化。但是人才的流动并不是世界性的。高层的管理人员往往来自一个地方：美国。选项A意思与之相近，故选择A。
　　【干扰项分析】根据第三段末“筹措资金的能力在很大程度上依靠经验，也是美国校长必须具备的能力”，D项表述与原文不符。B、C项文中均未提及。
　　63. What is the chief consideration of American universities when hiring top-level administrators? 62.在聘请高层管理人员时，美国大学主要考虑的问题是什么?
　　A) The political correctness. A) 政治方向的准确性。
　　B) Their ability to raise funds. B) 筹措资金的能力。
　　C) Their fame in academic circles. C) 学术界的声誉。
　　D) Their administrative experience. D) 管理经验。
　　【快速解题】语义理解题。根据题干中the chief consideration，定位答案在第三段第三段。
　　【正确项分析】在第三段The board ultimately picked Bruce Benson, a 69-year-old Colorado businessman and political activist who is likely to excel at the main task of modern university presidents: fund-raising。选项B中的raise funds表示“筹款”。答案为B选项。
　　64. What do we learn about European universities from the passage? 64. 从文章中可以了解关于欧洲大学的哪些信息?
　　A) The tuitions they charge have been rising considerably. A) 学费迅速上涨。
　　B) Their operation is under strict government supervision. B) 学校运转受到政府的严格监督。
　　C) They are strengthening their position by globalization. C) 他们通过全球化强化自己的位置。
　　D) Most of their revenues come from the government. D) 大部分资金来源于政府。
　　【快速解题】语义理解题。根据题干European universities，答案可定位在第四段第一、二句。
　　【正确项分析】根据第四段第一、二句Many European universities are still mostly dependent on government funding. But government support has failed to keep pace with rising student number。即很多欧洲大学仍然依靠政府投入。而政府的投入却没能跟上不断扩大的学生规模。因此可知学校的大部分资金来源于政府，故选择D选项。
　　【干扰项分析】B项是强干扰项，根据第四段第一、二句可知很多欧洲大学仍然依靠政府投入，但却没有提及学校运转受到政府的严格监督。A、C项文中均未提及。
　　65. Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard as its vice-chancellor chiefly because _______? 65. 牛津大学为什么任命艾莉森?理查德为副校长?
 
　　A) She was known to be good at raising money. A) 她在筹措资金方面有名
　　B) She could help strengthen its ties with Yale. B) 她可以加强与耶鲁大学的联系
　　C) She knew how to attract students overseas C) 她知道如何吸引海外学生。
　　D) she had boosted Yale’s academic status. D) 她提升了耶鲁大学的学术地位
　　【快速解题】事实细节题。根据题干中的Alison Richard as its vice-chancellor，答案可定位在第五段第二句。
　　【正确项分析】根据the university publicly stressed that in her previous job she had overseen “ a major strengthening of Yale’s financial position.”，学校公开强调艾莉森之前的工作确保了“耶鲁大学财政状况良好”。由此可知她有很强的筹措资金的能力，故选A选项。
　　66. In what way do top-level administrators from abroad contribute to university development? 66. 外国的高层领导从哪些方面促进了学校的发展?
　　A) They can enhance the university’s image. A) 他们可以提升学校的形象
　　B) They will bring with them more international faculty. B) 他们可以带来更多的国际化人才
　　C) They will view a lot of things from a new perspective. C) 他们将从新的角度审视问题。
　　D) They can set up new academic disciplines. D) 他们能创立新的学科
　　【快速解题】语义理解题。根据题干top-level administrators from abroad contribute to university development答案定位在末段末句。
　　【正确项分析】该句Foreigners can offer a fresh perspective on established practices，告诉读者外国人能够给学校业已成立的体系带来新的活力。此意与C选项的意思相近，故选C选项。
　　全文精译
　　2009年毕业的高中生进入牛津大学的同时，他们也会迎来一个新的面孔，安德鲁 ?汉密尔顿，55岁的耶鲁大学教务长。他将入主牛津，职位相当于美国大学的校长。
　　汉密尔顿并不是第一位跨越大西洋到外国任职的教育家。法国、埃及、新家坡等一些国家的学校近年来纷纷从国外聘请学校的高层管理人员。像其他商业活动一样，如今，高等教育已成为极具竞争力的商业行为，并且日渐国际化。但是人才的流动并不是世界性的。高层的管理人员往往来自一个地方：美国。
　　其主要原因是许多学校并不真地想从国外引进人才。例如，科罗拉多大学董事会在遴选新校长时，想聘用一个与州政府熟悉的领导人，因为州政府是学校的主要资金来源。“我们不会在全球范围内聘用校长”，帕特立夏?海说，该校最终聘用了布鲁斯?本森，69岁的科罗拉多州商人、政治活动家。他能够胜任现代大学校长的职务：筹措资金。筹措资金为美国大学所特有，因为美国大学的运转主要依赖捐款。筹措资金的能力在很大程度上依靠经验，也是美国校长必须具备的能力。
　　与此同时，很多欧洲大学仍然依靠政府投入。而政府的投入却没能跟上不断扩大的学生规模。政府投入的减少，使得筹措资金成为学校管理部门的当务之急，于是对美国的人才求贤若渴。
　　在过去几年里，世界各地的优秀学校都加入了这一行列。2003年，剑桥大学任命前耶鲁大学教务长艾莉森?理查德为副校长。学校公开强调艾莉森之前的工作确保了“耶鲁大学财政状况良好”。
　　当然，这些外国管理者不仅只是筹措资金。教育全球化意味着更多的大学将要聘用那些具有国际经验的校长，以促进国际间项目的合作，招收留学生。外国人能够给学校业已成立的体系带来新的活力。
2009年12月四级听力原文
　　Short conversation
　　11. M: Excuse me, do you have change for a ten-dollar note? I need to pay the parking meter.
　　W: I’m sorry, but I think you can get it through the money changer in the shopping center across the street.
　　Q: What is the man trying to do?
　　12. M: Can you recommend something that a school boy of 7 or 8 will really like?
　　W: I’d suggest this toy train, sir. It’s an excellent brand. Very popular all over the world these days.
　　Q: What is the man doing?
　　13. W: Do you let people know when you’re taking pictures of them?
　　M: I try not to. You know any picture of a person who poses for the camera would look dull and unnatural.
　　Q: What are the speakers talking about?
　　14. W: I need to talk to someone who knows Baltimore well. I’m told you lived there.
　　M: Oh, but I was really young at the time
　　Q: What does the man mean?
　　15. W: Aren’t you disappointed that you didn’t get the promotion?
　　M: Maybe a little, but I know I need more experience before I’m ready for that kind of responsibility.
　　Q: What do we learn about the man from this conversation?
　　16. W: I’ve been working out the gym since January. I was a bit out of shape.
　　M: You look terrific. It seems that your effort has paid off.
　　Q: What does the man imply about the woman?
　　17. W: Professor Clark suggested I get a tutor for advanced physics.
　　M: Well, that might help. Advanced physics is a pretty difficult course.
　　Q: What does the man mean?
　　18. W: Bill, have you heard the latest news? It appears we two won’t be laid off after all.
　　M: Oh, I’m somewhat tired of working here. I’ve been wondering whether I should resign. Anyway, the news seems to be good for you.
　　Q: How does the man feel about the news?
2009年12月四级长对话-1
　　Now you hear the two long conversations
　　Conversation 1
　　W: Hello, Cartson College, may I help you?
　　M: Yes. I’m looking for information on courses in computer programming. I would need it for the fall semester.
　　W: Do you want a day or evening course?
　　M: Well, it would have to be an evening course since I work during the day.
　　W: Aha. Have you taken any courses in data processing?
　　M: No.
　　W: Oh! Well, data processing is a course you have to take before you can take computer programming.
　　M: Oh, I see. Well, when is it given? I hope it is not on Thursdays.
　　W: Well, there’s a class that meets on Monday evenings at 7.
　　M: Just once a week?
　　W: Yes. But that’s almost 3 hours from 7 to 9:45.
　　M: Oh! Well, that’s all right, I could manage that. How many weeks does the course last?
　　W: Mm, let me see. 12 weeks. You start the first weekends September and finish…Oh.. just before Christmas, December 21st.
　　M: And how much is the course?
　　W: That’s 300 dollars including the necessary computer time.
　　M: Ah-hum. Okay, Eh, where do I go to register?
　　W: Registration is on the second and third of September between 6 and 9 in Frost Hall.
　　M: Is that the round building behind the parking lot?
　　W: Yes, that’s the one.
　　M: Oh, I know how to get there. Is there anything that I should bring with me?
　　W: No, just your check book.
　　M: Well, thank you so much.
　　W: You’re very welcome. Bye!
　　M: Bye!
　　Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
　　Q19: Why does the man choose to take an evening course?
　　Q20: What does the man have to do before taking the course of computer programming?
　　Q21: What do we learn about the schedule of evening course?
　　Q22: What does the man want to know at the end of the conversation?
　　2009年12月四级听力长对话-2
　　LC two
　　W: So, why exactly does your job have reputation for being stressful?
　　M: Stress is generally driven by the feeling of being out of control of a situation and the feeling of a situation controlling you. Trading in financial markets combines both.
　　W: How do you relax in the evening?
　　M: I very rarely do anything work-related so it’s easy to escape the markets. I generally go to the gym or go for a run, especially if I had a bad day. I always cook a meal rather than have a take-away. To do something my brain will regard as creative.
　　W: Do you think what you do to relax is an effective way to beat stress?
　　M: I don’t think there is a specific rule about how to beat stress. I generally find out what I do is effective for me.
　　W: Would you consider changing your job because of the high stress factor?
　　M: I have considered leaving my job due to stress-related factors. However, I do think that an element of stress is a good thing. And if used the right way can actually be a positive thing.
　　W: What do you enjoy about the stressful aspects of your job?
　　M: Having said all that, I do actually enjoy an element of uncertainty. I enjoy mental challenge. Trading generates a wide range of emotions second by second. How you deal with and manage those emotions dictates short medium and long term trading performance and success.
　　Q23-25
　　Q23. What is the man’s job?
　　Q24. Why does the man prefer to cook a meal rather than have a take-away?
　　Q25. What does the man say about an element of stress in his job?
2009年12月四级听力 Passage 1
　　Since early times, people have been fascinated with the idea of life existing somewhere else besides earth. Until recently, scientists believe that life on other planets was just a hopeful dream. But now they are beginning to locate places where life could form. In 1997, they saw evidence of planets near other stars like the sun. But scientists now think that life could be even nearer in our own solar system. One place scientists are studying very closely is Europa, a moon of Jupiter. Space probes have provided evidence that Europa has a large ocean under its surface. The probes have also made scientists think that under its surface Europa has a rocky core giving off volcanic heat. Water and heat from volcanic activity are two basic conditions needed for life to form. A third is certain basic chemicals such as carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. Scientists believe there might be such chemicals lying at the bottom of Europa’s ocean. They may have already created life or may be about to. You may wonder if light is also needed for life to form. Until recently, scientists thought that light was essential. But now, places have been found on earth that are in total blackness such as caves several miles beneath the surface. And bacteria, primitive forms of life, have been seen there. So the lack of light in Europa’s sub-surface ocean doesn’t automatically rule out life forming.
　　Questions26 to 28
　　26. What did scientists once believe according to the passage?
　27. What have scientists found about Europa, a moon of Jupiter?
　　28. What have scientists come to know recently about formation of life?
　　2009年12月四级短篇文章
　　Passage 2 (20:25- 23:26)
　　In her early days as an emergency room physician, Doctor Joanna Myer treated a child who had suffered a second degree burn. After the child had been treated and was being prepared for discharge, Doctor Myer talked to the parents about how they should care for the child at home. Also listening to her were a half a dozen other family members. A few hours later, when she came to say goodbye, the family asked her to settle an argument they’d been having over exactly what advice she had given. “As I talked to them, I was amazed.” she said, ”All of them had heard the simple instructions I have given just a few hours before, but they have three or four different versions. The most basic details were unclear and confusing. I was surprised, because these were intelligent people.” This episode gave Doctor Myer her first clue to something every doctor learns sooner or later- most people just don’t listen very well. Nowadays, she says she repeats her instructions, and even conducts a reality check with some patients. She asks them to tell her what they think they are supposed to do. She also provides take-home sheets which are computer printouts tailored to the patients’ situation. Doc. Myer’s listeners are not unusual. When new or difficult material is presented, almost all listeners are faced with the challenge because human speech lacks the stability and permanence of the printed word. Oral communication is fast-moving and impermanent.
　　Question 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard：
　　29. What did the child’s family members argue about in the hospital?
　　30. What did Doc. Myer do to insure her patients understand her instructions?
　　31. What does the speaker say about human speech?
　　CET4 Passage 3
　　It’s logical to suppose that things like good labor relations, good working conditions, good wages and benefits and job security motivate workers, but one expert, Fredrick Herzberg argued that such conditions do not motivate workers. They are merely satisfiers. Motivators, in contrast, include things such as having a challenging and interesting job, recognition and responsibility. However, even with the development of computers and robotics, there’re always plenty of boring, repetitive and mechanical jobs and lots of unskilled people who have to do them. So how do mangers motivate people in such jobs? One solution is to give them some responsibilities, not as individuals, but as a part of a team. For example, some supermarkets can buy office stuff to people who fill the shelves, and the people who work at the check out into a team, and let them decide what product lines to stock, how to display them and so on. Many people now talk about the importance of a company’s shared values or culture with which all the staff can identify, for example, being the best hotel chain, or making the best, the most user-friendly or the most reliable products in a particular field. Such values are more likely to motivate workers than financial targets which automatically only concern a few people. Unfortunately, there’s only a limited number of such goals to go around and by definition, not all the competing companies in that industry can seriously plan to be the best.
　　Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
　　Q32: What can actually motivate workers according to Fredrick Herzberg?
　　Q33: What does the speaker say about jobs in the computer era?
　　Q34: What do some supermarkets do to motivate their employees?
Q35: Why does the speaker say financial targets are less likely to motivate workers?

2009年12月英语四级标准答案听力满分版
Section A
短对话：
11. A Get some small change.
12. B Buying a gift for a child.
13. A Taking photographs.
14. B He can provide little useful information.
15. D He knows his own limitations.
16. C Her gym exercise has yielded good results.
17. D The professor's suggestion is constructive.
18. A Indifferent

长对话：
19. C He has to work during the day.
20. B Learn date processing.
21. C Every Monday, lasting for 12 weeks.
22. A What to bring for registration.
23. D A financial trader.
24. B He considers cooking creative.
25. D It can be a good thing.

Section B
短文：
26. C. Life was not possible in outer space.
27. C. It has a large ocean under its surface.
28. A. Light is not an essential element to it.
29. B What Dr. Meyer's instructions exactly were
30. D She askes them to repeat what they are supposed to do.
31. A It lacks the stability of the printed word.
32. C Challenging work.
33. A Many tedious jobs continue to be done manually.
34. D Give them responsibilities as part of a team.
35. B They concern a small number of people only.

Section C
36. classified
37. background
38. album
39. appreciation
40. context
41. implies
42. image
43. instrument
44. Descriptive writing in the humanities, particularly in literature, is often mixed with critical writing.
45. It tells the reader how to do something. For example, explaining the technique used to shoot a film.
46. Authors may actually use more than one type of technique in a given piece of informational writing.