复活节的由来|复活节是几月几日
The lovely eggs Credit: Andrew Crowley
By Cameron Macphail,27 March 2016
Bunnies, chocolate, egg decorating - what on earth is Easter all about?
When is Easter this year?
Easter Sunday falls on March 27 this year, with Good Friday on March 25, and Easter Monday on March 28.
Why do we celebrate Easter?
Easter is a Christian festival which celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Christ.
According to the New Testament, Jesus died on the cross on Good Friday, and came back to life three days later.
Crucifixion of Jesus: in the pilgrimage chapel Sanctuaire Notre-Dame des Fontaines, La Brigue Credit: Alamy
His resurrection is celebrated on Easter Sunday, which also marks the end of Lent, the 40-day period of fasting which begins on Ash Wednesday.
Maundy Thursday is the Thursday before Good Friday and commemorates the Maundy and Last Supper of Jesus Christ with the Apostles
How are Easter dates decided? Why does the date move?
Well, the holiday is a moveable feast but it always falls somewhere between March 21 and April 25 every year.
It’s calculated as the first Sunday after the first full moon following the first day of spring. The full moon is known as the Paschal (Passover) Full Moon.
Methods for calculating Easter are fiendishly complicated, in a uniquely baffling synthesis of mathematics, astronomy and theology.
Because Christians believe that Jesus was crucified during the Jewish Passover festival, Easter is marked around that time.
Colorful eggs lie in Ilmpark at Goethe's garden house for an Easter egg hunt in Weimar, Germany, Goethe used to invite his friends' children and his grandchildren to hunt for eggs on Maundy Thursday
But by the end of the 2nd Century different Christian groups were already marking it on separate dates.
The landmark Council of Nicea in 325AD, which set out the core Christian beliefs in a single creed, also attempted to standardise Easter.
Since then it has generally been accepted as falling on the first Sunday following the first full moon after the spring equinox - which the Church approximated as March 21.
But throughout the centuries disputes over the exact timing have been used as proxies for deeper power struggles.
It effectively set the course of the history of the British Isles at the Synod of Whitby in 664AD when the preferred date of the Roman, rather than the Celtic church, became the standard.
The decision is regarded as having brought Britain more firmly into the European sphere of influence – an issue still dominating the political agenda in the run up to the EU referendum.
Could Easter be held on the same date every year?
The Archbishop of Canterbury has suggested that Easter should fall on the same Sunday every year.
The Most Rev Justin Welby said that Anglican leaders would join discussions with other church leaders about the move to fix the date for the first time and put an end to almost 2,000 years of controversy.
The plan, which would schedule the Christian festival on the same Sunday each year, is expected to be welcomed by parents and schools but may anger traditionalists.
He said that Easter should most likely be fixed for the second or third Sunday of April.
What do eggs have to do with Easter?
Eggs illustrate new life, just as Jesus began his new life on East Sunday after the miracle of his resurrection.
When eggs are cracked open they are said to symbolise an empty tomb.
Originally eating eggs was forbidden in the week leading up to Easter (known as Holy Week). They were saved and decorated in the run-up to the celebration, and given to children as gifts.
Sometimes they were coloured red, in recognition of the blood sacrificed by Jesus when he was crucified. Green was also used to symbolise spring re-growth after the winter.
The first chocolate eggs appeared in France and Germany during the 19th century.
As chocolate-making techniques improved the modern Easter egg as we know it was born – and remain very popular (and delicious).
Where does the Easter Bunny fit in to all of this?
Rabbits and hares have been associated with spring since ancient times. It is thought that the Ango-Saxon Goddess of Spring, Eostre, had a hare as her companion, which symbolised fertility and rebirth.
It’s hardly surprising that rabbits and hares have become associated with fertility as they are both prolific breeders and give birth to large litters in early spring.
Lindt chocolate bunnies
The legend of the Easter Bunny is thought to have originated among German Lutherans, where the ‘Easter Hare’ judged whether children had been good or bad in the run-up to Easter.
Over time it has become incorporated into Christian celebrations and became popular in Britain during the 19th century.
Many children believe that the Easter Bunny lays and hides baskets of coloured eggs, sweets and sometimes toys in their homes or around the garden the night before Easter Sunday – much like Father Christmas delivering gifts on Christmas Eve.
This has given rise to the tradition of the Easter egg hunt which is still popular among children today.
Hang your decorated eggs from branches arranged in a vase
Why do we eat hot cross buns?
A hot cross bun is a spiced, sweet bun marked with a cross on top. They are traditionally eaten on Good Friday.
The cross represents the crucifixion of Jesus, while the spices are said to remind Christians of the spices put on his body.
Hot cross buns appeared in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1733, but they have been around since before then.
One a penny, two a penny...
Enriched, sweetened bread dough dates back to the Romans.
Long before Christianity, loaves and buns were baked with symbols on them, one of which was a cross.
Small, spiced cakes were also baked to honour the Saxon goddess Eoestre, and to celebrate spring, but it was the Tudors who began to link the spiced currant buns we know today with feast days, celebrations and eventually Lent.
How is Easter celebrated around the world?
In many central and eastern European countries decorating eggs in beautiful patterns is especially popular.
In Switzerland, Easter eggs are delivered by a cuckoo and a fox in some areas of Germany.
The egg-giving tradition arrived in the United States in the 18th century brought by protestant German immigrants in the Pennsylvania Dutch area.
A German Happy Easter postcard from 1903
Barack and Michelle Obama attending the annual White House Easter Egg Roll on the South Lawn Photo: AFP
On Easter Monday, the President of the United States holds an annual Easter egg roll on the lawn of the White House for young children.
The Obamas indulge in some Easter fun
In the Republic of Ireland and in Northern Ireland it is a day of remembrance for the men and women who died in the Easter Rising which began on Easter Monday 1916.
And when is Easter 2017?
This year, Easter Day fell so early that Europe had not yet completely shaken off its cloak of clouds and wet winter lethargy. In 2017, Easter occurs on April 16 – three weeks later.
This will make a crucial difference in terms of the weather, casting our home continent in sunshine and warmth that will make the four-day weekend even more enticing for travel.