掌握了前面八种段落展开的“天龙八部”，在面对任何级别的英语考试的作文时，相信大家都可以从容落笔，应付如裕。不过，大家仍然要谋篇布局，从篇章的角度对自己要写的内容作宏观的整体上的把握，这就要求大家区分各种体裁，以采用不同的方法去应对。英语文章的体裁可分为四类，即： 1、记叙文（narration） 2、描述文（description） 3、说明文（exposition） 4、议论文（argumentation）
　　和中文无异。限于篇幅，在此就不一一举例详细论述，只说一下写作要领。
　　先说记叙文。所谓narration 就是叙述一件事或一连串事件，像四级曾经考过的A Morning Walk（晨间漫步）即是一例。在写这类作文时，要注意以下几点：首先，在一开始就要设定时间、地点、人物，一定要交代清楚；其次，在讲述发生的事件本身时，要选取一些关键的细节，不要漫无边际或不着边际，而组织那些素材一般采用“时间顺序”亦即先发生的先写，后发生的后写，或用倒叙法，先讲结局，再从头描述经过。另外，要注意人称、时代的一致性。
　　再看描述型文章。所谓description 就是用文字对一个人、一个地方、一件物体或一个场景进行描绘。在描述自己的印象时，一定要尽量选取那些有助于表现人物、场景的典型特征和突出特点，剔除那些枝蔓的零碎的细节。只有这样，才能使所描述的内容呼之欲出、跃然纸上，具有极大的表现力。
　　再谈谈说明文。这是四级考试中出现最为频繁的体裁，无论是Aor B 、A and B，还是Why to do 、How to do， 或是图表型作文，都可归入此类。如果说描述文主要涉及外表和感受，记叙文主要涉及事件和经历，那么说明文则主要是关于过程和关系。举例来说吧，我们面前有一件物体，如果要对其外观进行描写，我们就要写成描述型的作文，如果要解释它是如何制作的，又是如何使用的，那就必须写成说明文；我们可以讲述一个历史事件， 到底发生了什么，何时何地发生，都有谁参与其中，那就是叙述，而要讨论该事件的前因后果，它的本质又是什么，以及在历史长河中的深远意义，那就必须写成说明文。前面所介绍的展开段落的方法，如分类法、定义法、比较和对比、举例法等等，大多数都可用于说明文的写作。
　　最后谈谈议论文。说明文是一种以阐释和解说为表达方式，用简洁、平实、通俗的语言，对事物的、事理的、人物的特性、情况、背景等所作的解释和介绍的文体，而议论文则是以议论为主要表达方式，以逻辑思维为主要思维方式，对现实生活中的现象和原理说长道短、论是斥非、阐明自己的立场和观点的一种文体，二者不可相混淆。说明是让人明白，而议论则要令人信服。论点要旗帜鲜明，论据要充分有力，论证要符合逻辑。就四级考试而言，真正意义上的议论文并不多见，即便是已经考过的议论文，如幸运数字、英语口试的必要性等，也较易处理，因此不再赘述。
　　需要强调的是，在四级考试中，往往是在同一篇文章中几种体裁兼而有之，大家不要拘泥于教条，如2003 年6 月的车祸见证书，记述、描写、说明三种体裁都有所照顾，目的是要检测同学们对于不同类型写作的把握，全面地考察写作教学的水平。
　　三、衔接和过渡
　　这是一个技术性的问题。有了好的思想，写出了没有语法错误的句子，是否意味着就是一篇好作文呢？恐怕未必。古人做文章讲究“起承转合”，英语作文也同样要注意句与句、段与段之间的过渡和粘连，只有那样才能使文章成为一个和谐的有机统一的整体。提高文章的连贯性，常用的方法有使用平行结构、重复单词或词组、用代词代替前文中的句子、保持名词/代词的数的一致和动词的时态的一致等等。
\ 　　Americans are queer people： they can't play. Americans rush to work as soon as they grow up. They want their work as soon as they wake. It is a stimulant-the only one they are not afraid of. They used to open their offices at ten o'clock； then at nine； then at eight； then at seven. Now they never shut them. Every business in America is turning into an open-all-day-and-night business. They eat all night， dance all night， make noise all night. They can't play. They try to， but can't. They turn football into a fight， baseball into a lawsuit， and yachting into machinery. They can't play. The little children can't play； they use mechanical toys instead-toy cranes， hoisting toy loads， toy machinery spreading a toy industrial depression of infantile dullness. The grownup people can't play； they use a mechanical gymnasium and a clockwork horse. They can't laugh； they hire a comedian and watch him laugh.
　　另一种做法是使用表示各种关系的承接词，下面列出一些常用的连接词和短语供大家参考，希望大家在平时的练习中有效地运用。（一）空间段落展开
　　above before me before on the left across from below in the distance on the right adjacent to beyond nearby opposite to also further next to on top of up down close to beneath under around near to over
　　（二）时间段落展开
　　first， second， etc. soon eventually in the meantime then until at the same time next thereafter after a while now after presently later afterward somewhat later finally at last
　　（三）分析段落展开
　　first， second， etc. now for this purpose but as a result furthermore finally at last moreover also consequently likewise another for example next yet for instance on the contrary once in addition in summary such in this case on the other hand then otherwise in conclusion thus to sum up therefore
　　（四）比较段落展开
　　another ` furthermore moreover equally important too， also at the same time besides then accordingly in fact in addition to like， likewise similarly just as…so in much the same way.
　（五）对比段落展开
　　on the contrary different from / in contrast on the other hand in spite of / despite yet， but whereas unlike nevertheless not only…but also here…there years ago…today this…that the former…the latter then…now the first…whereas the second some…others on the one hand…on the other once…now
　　四、样卷定稿
　　An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident
　　I saw the Traffic Accident in Tianjin Road. The Traffic Accident has been at the morning， May 1. Two children by bike went to school. A car is so fast， the streel. And the car touched two children by bike， and the Traffic Accident has happened. One is touched so far wayand the other is put down. Mary people come here， and they sent to two chidten who go to Hospiton. Wait a time， The ploiemen arriverd in the Accident place.
　　My opiontoin： The car driver is so fast by car， and He didn't attendation to the children by bike aside the road. Two children by bike didn't heared the car come. All of above， I think the car driver must be serier the Traffic Accident.
　　It was last Friday morning. The accident happened when I was on my way to school. It was so terrible that I would never forget it.
　　I was walking along the road， and there are not so many cars on the road. Then， with a big sound， the accident happened. The red car stoped suddenly on the road so that the driver of following car couldn't respond immeditely. The back of the red car was badly damaged， but fortunately there was no people injured in this accident.
　　I think the main reasons are as follows： First of all， the red car shouldn't stop suddenly without any signals. Secondly， the following car should keep a certain distance from the front car so that the driver could have enough time to take measurs when any badly situation. Finally， these two drivers were careless. If they had paid more attention to driving， this accdent wouldn't have happened.
　　The traffic accident was taken place at the junction of two highways when I was driving my car home at about 4 o'clock……
　　The yellow car involved in the accident was running at a high speed along the right-hand when it happened. Hardly it reached the junction when it cracked with a truck running from another direction. There was no time for the drivers to change the directions.
　　I think the accident mostly attributed to such reasons： Firstly and the foremost， it was the carelessness of both of the drivers that mostly made the accidents happen. It was not too careful for them when running a car. Secondly， the weather also should be responsible for it. The fog made the vision of drivers vague. Last but not the least， the constructure of the roads was unreasonable. The trafic lights are needed at any junctions.
　　It was the morning of April 6th， 2003. At about 7：30， I went to school by bike as usual. It was a rainy day and the road was slippery. On the way， I noticed a boy riding in front of me， talking loudly with his friends. He didn't wear a raincoat； instead he held an umbrella in one hand， the rode with another hand. As he turned left to Guangming Road， he failed to see a car coming from behind a truck parked on the corner. Suddenly I heard a big noise and saw an umbrella thrown away. The boy was knocked down by the car. I was completely shocked.
　　I think the boy's absent-mindedness accounted much for the accident. He was talking all the time and dangerously used an umbrella while riding a bike. The weather also played a role in the tragedy. The third cause was the unproperly parked truck， which was big enough to make the road conditions invisible to the students who were going to make a turn. All these contributed to the accident.
　　It was 8：00 this morning， I went on my way to school. When I just at the school gate， I saw the terrible traffic accident happened.
　　A student ride his bike in a high speed， and just when he arrived the school gate， a large truck traveled out of the gate and hit him down. He flied over 3m before his bike hit him on the ground， surely， the poor boy was hurt very bad.
　　I think there are two reasons for the accident. First， it was just the time we began our first class， the bike rider perhaps did not want to be late， he ride his bike so fast， even didn't low down his speed at the gate. Second， the truck is too large， and at that time， there were too many people walk through the gate， so the bike driver have no other way to chose， but to ride in the middle of the road.
　　（说明： 所有样卷都是考生的实际作文卷，典型地反映了每一分数段的应有水平，其中的语言上的错误或不妥之处，包括语法、搭配、用词等，悉数保持原样。）
　We always working till late at night before taking exams.（误）
　　We are always working /We always work till late at night before taking exams（正）
　　We should read books may be useful to us. （误）We should read books which may be useful to us. （正）
　　2、句子成分多余
　　This test is end， but there is another test is waiting for you. （误）One test ends， but another is waiting for you. （正）
　　The driver of the red car was died on the spot. （误）The driver of the red car died on the spot. （正）
　　3、主谓不一致
　　Someone/Somebody think that reading should be selective. （误）Some think that reading should be selective. （正）
　　My sister go to the cinema at least once a week. （误）My sister goes to the cinema at least once a week. （正）
　　4、动词时态、语态的误用
　　I was walking along the road， and there are not so many cars on the street. （误）I was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street. （正）
　　We have little time to read some books which we interest. （误）We have little time to read some books in which we are interested. （正）
　　I am a student who has studying in the college for two years. （误）I have been studying in the college for two years（正）
　5、词类混淆
　　It is my point that reading must be selectively. （误）In my opinion， reading must be selective. （正）
　　Honest is so important for everyperson. （误）Honesty is so important for everyone. （正）
　　The old man was hit by a car when he across the street. （误）The old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street. （正）
　　6、名词可数与不可数的误用
　　Too much tests are disadvantage for students'study. （误）Too many tests are disadvantageous to students. （正）
　　In modern society， people are under various pressures（误）In modern society， people are under various kinds of pressure. （正）
　　9
　　7、动词及物与不及物的误用
　　The traffic accident was taken place at the junction of two highways. （误）The traffic accident took place at the junction of two highways. （正）
　　Because of his excellent performance， the boss rose his salary. （误）Because of his excellent performance， the boss raised his salary. （正）
　　8、介词to 和不定式符号的混淆
　　Too many tests will do harm to cultivate our independent thinking. （误）Too many tests will do harm to the cultivation of our independent thinking. （正）
　　All these contributed to solve the serious problem. （误）All these contributed to the solution to the serious problem. （正）
　　9、情态动词的误用
　　It may not good to our health. （误）It may be not good to our health. （正）
　　They should spent much time. （误）They should spend much time. （正）