unit 5 Nelson Mandela 重难点知识精讲
编写整理 张海燕
Warming up
1. mean 1） adj.吝啬的，自私的；卑鄙的
be mean with sth 在某方面吝啬
He is very mean with his money. 他在金钱方面很吝啬。
That is a mean trick. 那是卑鄙手段。
2）v. 意欲，打算 mean to do sth 打算做某事
I mean to go tomorrow. 我打算明天走。
意味着 mean doing sth 意味着做某事
Missing the train means waiting for an hour. 赶不上这列火车意味着再等一个小时。
* be meant for 注定要成为
I was never meant for the army. 我根本就不是当兵的材料。
2. generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的
be generous in doing sth 慷慨的做某事
be generous to sb 对某人慷慨 be generous with sth 不吝啬某物
3． devoted adj. (~ to sb/sth) 热爱的，非常忠诚的， 全心全意的 (devotion n.奉献，深/挚爱)
She is devoted to her children. 她深爱她的孩子。
devote v. (~ oneself /sth to sb/sth, to 为介词) 为sb/sth付出（时间/精力等），奉献，献身于
He devoted himself to education. 他献身于教育。
She has devoted all her time to looking after her children.她把全部的时间都用于照看孩子。
Pre-reading
4.He was the first man to land on the moon in July 1969. 句中to land…是动词不定式作后置定语，修饰man. 当被修饰的名词或代词前有序数词，形容词最高级或next, last等时，经常用不定式作后置定语。
Believe it or not, I was the last to arrive at school this morning.
信不信由你，今天早上我是最后一个到学校的。
What is the next thing to do according to the plan?
根据计划，下一步该做什么？
Reading
5….for which I was grateful (第7行)
grateful adj. 感激/谢的. ~ (to sb ) (for sth), ~ that
I am grateful to you for your help. 我感谢你的帮助。
I was grateful that they didn’t ask me. 我感到庆幸的是他们没有问我。
6．out of work = out of a job 失业 （第14行）
out of breath 上气不接下气 out of balance 失去平衡 out of reach 够不着
out of date/fashion 过时 out of control 失去控制 out of sight 看不见
out of danger 脱离危险 out of order 出故障
7.The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress,until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all. (第19行)
过去的30年来所出现的大量法律剥夺我们的权利，阻挡我们的进步，一直到今天我们还处在几乎什么权利都没有的阶段。
该句结构分析： 主句The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress，其中stopping our…作定语，修饰前面的laws; 时间状语从句until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all，其中where引导定语从句修饰前面的stage.
动词see, find, witness等由地点或时间名词作主语，以增添语言色彩，表示“经历，发生”。
This old house has seen better days. 这座老房子曾有过风光的日子。
The water finds its own level. 水往低处流。
8. We were put into a position in which we had either to accept we were less important, or fight the government. (第25行) 我们被置于这样一种境地，或者是被迫承认我们低人一等，或者是与政府作斗争。
in which 引导定语从句，修饰先行词position. position为抽象意义上的地点，所以此处的in which =where. 类似的名词还有situation, stage (见note 7),case 等，作先行词时，可用 where 引导定语从句。
Can you think of a situation where we can use this expression?
你能想出一个我们可以使用这个词语的情况吗？
9. …only then did we decide to answer violence with violence. (第28行)……只有在那时我们才决定以暴制暴。
该句运用部分倒装。当only+状语位于句首时，应实行主谓倒装，即状语+助动词（情态动词等）+主语+实义动词
Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 只有那时他才意识到自己错了。
Only in this way can you remember a lot of words. 只有用这种方法你才能记住很多单词。
Only when a child grows up does he understand his parents’ intentions.
只有当儿童长大时，才会理解父母的意图。
*only+主语置于句首，该句不倒装。
Only five students have finished the homework on time. 只有5名学生按时完成了作业。
*使用部分倒装的几种情况：
1）否定意义的副词或短语，如never, seldom, little, hardly, in no way 等位于句首时
2）Not only…but also…,Hardly/Scarcely… when , No sooner…than, So/Such…that…等句型
3）表示“也， 也不”的so, neither, nor 位于句首时
4）由连词as, however/no matter how 等引导的让步状语从句，通常把表语提前时
10．…making black and white people equal (最后一行)
equal n. 和……相当的人/事物
He is my equal in strength. 他和我力气一样大。
She is the equal of her brother as far as intelligence is concerned.
论智力，她和她哥哥不相上下。
vt. equal sb/sth (in sth) (在某方面)与……相同/等
He is equalled by no one in kindness. 没有人比他更善良。
adj. 1). (大小，数量，价值，程度，状况等)相同/等的， 同样的
They are of equal height. 他们一般高。
2）equal to (doing) sth 有能力的，能胜任的
He doesn’t seem equal to meeting our demands. 他似乎不太合乎我们的要求。
3）on equal terms (with sb) 平等相处，地位相等
Comprehending
11.Elias went to see Nelson Mandela when he was in trouble.
in trouble 在危险，受罚，痛苦，忧虑等的处境中 make trouble 制造麻烦
get into trouble 惹上麻烦 ask for trouble 自找麻烦
take the trouble to do sth不怕费事/困难尽力做某事
have trouble (in) doing sth/ with sth 在……方面有困难
in danger 在危险中 in peace 和平 in control 被控制
in silence 沉默 in place 在适当的位置 in vain 徒劳地
in case 以防，万一 in time 及时，迟早 in turn 依次，逐个地
in return 作为……的回报/付款 in charge 处于控制/支配……的地位
in surprise 吃惊地 in detail 详细地
12.Why did Nelson Mandela turn to violence to make black and white people equal?
turn to 转向；求助于 to 是介词
He turned to me for help. 他向我求助。
She has nobody she can turn to. 她求助无门。
turn around/round 转身 turn down 调低；拒绝 turn off 关掉
turn up 调大；出现，露面； turn out 结果是，证明是；培养，生产；熄灭，
turn sth inside out 把里面翻作外面
Using language-------the rest of Elias’ story
13.It was a prison from which no one escaped.那是一座任何人也逃不出去的监狱。
escape （from sth/sb） 从……中逃脱/走；泄露
A lion has escaped from its cage. 有一头狮子从笼中逃走了。
She longed to escape from her mother’s domination. 她渴望摆脱母亲的操纵。
Make a hole to let the water escape. 弄个洞让水排出。
escape (doing) sth 逃避（做）某事
escape punishment/being punished 避免惩罚/受罚
He narrowly escaped being killed. 他险些丧命。
sth escape sb 被忘记，未被注意
Her name escapes me. 我想不起他的名字了。
a narrow escape 死里逃生
14.He said they should not be stopped from studying for their degrees.他说他们不应该被剥夺为学位而学习的权利。
stop/keep/prevent/discourage sb/sth from doing sth 阻止……做某事
The heavy snow stopped him from coming to our party. 大雪使他未能前来参加我们的宴会。
He prevented the villagers from cutting trees. 他阻止村民砍树。
Nothing can keep me from doing that. 没有什么能够阻止我做那件事。
15.I felt bad the first time I talked to a group.第一次给旅行团作讲解时，我的心情很不好。
1）此句为主从复合句。the first time 引导时间状语从句。此处名词短语the first time用作连词，意为：第一次
2）名词短语用作连词的常见用法：
the moment/ the minute/ the second = as soon as 一…….就……
each time/every time 每次……
The moment he arrived at the hotel, he telephoned his parents. 他一到宾馆就给父母打了电话。
for the first time 介词短语，在句中作状语。表示：第一次
Joe came to Britain for the first time. Joe第一次来到了大不列颠。
3）It is the first/second…time that sb have done sth.
It was the first/second…time that sb had done sth.
It is (high/ about)time that sb should do sth/ sb did sth
16….were my reward after working all my life……
reward 1) n. ( c, u) 报酬，奖励
He got a reward for helping them. 他因帮助他们而得到了报酬。
He received a medal in reward for his bravery. 他因表现勇敢而获得了一枚奖章。
（in reward for = in return for 作为对……的回报）
a cash reward 现金回报
2) vt. 奖励/赏 reward sb with sth, reward sb for (doing) sth
She rewarded him with a smile.她向他报之一笑。
His persistence was rewarded when the car finally started.
他那些力气没有白费，汽车终于启动了。
Anyone providing information which leads to the recovery of the painting will be rewarded.
凡提供线索有助于寻回该画者可获报酬。
rewarding adj.值得做的，有益的 a rewarding experience/job 有益的经历/工作
Speaking & writing
17. set up 建立，设立；开办/创；摆放/竖起
set about (doing ) sth 开始某工作，着手做某事
set aside 把…放一边；节省/保留（钱/时间）；不理会/不顾
set down 让sb 下车；写下，记下
set off 动身，启程；使爆炸
set out 动身，出发；安排/摆放；陈述/宣布
set out to do sth 开始做某事
18．本单元其他重点短语
1.under way (P71 W.B) 已经开始并进行着
2. work out 锻炼；计算（出）；理解；辨认
3. devote…to 献身于，致力于 4. as a matter of fact 事实上
5. blow up 使充气，爆炸 6. be willing to do sth 乐意做某事
7. believe in 信任 8 be free from/of 无…..的，摆脱……的
9. lose heart 灰心
10. under attack 遭到攻击/袭击， a heart attack 心脏病突发
11.come to power 当权，上台
12.put...into prison 把……投进监狱
13.be sentenced to 被判处…(徒刑)
